Uttama-bhakti

karmārpaṇaṁ dvividham—bhagavat-prīṇana-rūpaṁ

karmārpaṇaṁ dvividham—bhagavat-prīṇana-rūpaṁ, tasmiṁs tat-tyāga-rūpaṁ ceti | … atra nimittāni ca trīṇi—kāmanā, naiṣkarmyaṁ, bhakti-mātraṁ ceti | niṣkāmatvaṁ tu kevalaṁ na sambhavati, yad yad dhi kurute jantus tat tat kāmasya ceṣṭitam ity ukteḥ | atra kāmanā-naiṣkarmyayoḥ prāyaḥ karma-tyāgaḥ | prīṇanaṁ tu tad-ābhāsa eva, svārtha-paratvāt | bhaktau punaḥ prīṇanam eva, bhaktes tu tad-eka-jīvanatvāt | … parama-bhaktās tu bhagavat-paritoṣaṇaṁ prīṇanam eva prārthayante … |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 224)

“Offering karma [to Bhagavān] is of two types: that in the form of pleasing Bhagavān (Bhagavat-prīṇana) [i.e., making an offering of one’s karma to please Bhagavān], and in the form of giving that [i.e., karma] to him [i.e., offering karma to him without any intention to please him]. … There are three causes in this regard [i.e., the desired object of those who offer their karma to Bhagavān is one of three types]: a desire (kāmanā) [i.e., the fulfillment of a particular worldly desire], freedom from karma (naiṣkarmya) [i.e., attaining mukti], and bhakti alone [i.e., attaining bhakti for its own sake]. Pure desirelessness (niṣkāmatva) is not at all possible, as per the statement [in Manu-smṛti 2.4], ‘Indeed whatever a person does is an action of [i.e., motivated by] desire for that [i.e., for whatever object the action is related to].’ Herein [i.e., in regard to these three causes], in the case of [the causes of] desire (kāmanā) and naiṣkarmya, for the most part giving up of karma occurs [i.e., these two causes mostly fall into the second of the two aforementioned categories of offering karma to Bhagavān, that is, simply giving over one’s karma to Bhagavān without any specific intent to please him]. Pleasing [Bhagavān] is present only in appearance in them [i.e., it is not really there] because their [i.e., these actions] being self-interested. In the case of bhakti [i.e., in the case of offering karma to Bhagavān with the desire only of attaining bhakti], on the contrary, pleasing [Bhagavān] alone is present [in such an offering of karma] because of that [i.e., pleasing Bhagavān] being the very life of bhakti. … Great bhaktas pray only for the complete satisfaction of Bhāgavan, that is, pleasing [Bhagavān].”

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sa eva bhakti-yogākhya ātyantika udāhṛtaḥ

sa eva bhakti-yogākhya ātyantika udāhṛtaḥ |
yenātivrajya triguṇāṁ mad-bhāvāyopapadyate ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 3.29.14; cited in Caitanya-caritāmṛta: 2.19.174)

“This [i.e., nirguṇa-bhakti] alone, known as bhakti-yoga, by which one surpasses the three guṇas and becomes fit for my bhāva [i.e., fit to experience my direct presence (bhāva), or, fit to attain prema (bhāva) for me], is declared the absolute [i.e., the supreme puruṣārtha].”

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eṣā akiñcanātyantikīty-ādi-saṁjñā bhaktir dvividhā—vaidhī rāgānugā ceti

eṣā akiñcanātyantikīty-ādi-saṁjñā bhaktir dvividhā—vaidhī rāgānugā ceti | tatra vaidhī śāstrokta-vidhinā pravartitā | sa ca vidhir dvividhaḥ | tatra prathamaḥ pravṛtti-hetuḥ, tad-anukrama-kartavyākartavyānāṁ jñāna-hetuś ca | prathamas tūdāhṛtaḥ—‘tasmād ekena manasā bhagavān sātvatāṁ patiḥ | śrotavyaḥ kīrtitavyaś ca dhyeyaḥ pūjyaś ca nityadā ||’ ity-ādinā | dvitīyaś cārcana-vratādi-gataḥ | tam āha—‘mām eva nairapekṣyeṇa bhakti-yogena vindati | bhakti-yogaṁ sa labhata evaṁ yaḥ pūjayeta mām ||’ nairapekṣyeṇa ahaitukena | ahaituka-bhakti-yoga eva kathaṁ syāt? tatrāha—bhakti-yogam iti | evaṁ—‘yadā sva-nigamenoktaṁ dvijatvaṁ prāpya pūruṣaḥ | yathā yajeta māṁ bhaktyā śraddhayā tan nibodha me || arcāyāṁ sthaṇḍile’gnau vā sūrye vāpsu hṛdi dvije | dravyeṇa bhakti-yutko’rcet sva-guruṁ mām amāyayā ||’ ity-ādy-ukta-vidhinā | evam ekādaśī-janmāṣṭamy-ādi-gato’pi jñeyaḥ | atha vaidhī-bhedāḥ śaraṇāpatti-śrī-gurv-ādi-sat-sevā-śravaṇa-kīrtanādayaḥ | ete ca pratyekam api dvi-trādayaḥ samudityāpi kāraṇāni bhavanti, tathā śravaṇāt | tatra prathamataḥ śaraṇāpattiḥ |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 235–236)

“This bhakti known as ‘unconditional’ (akiñcanā), ‘absolute’ (ātyantiki), and so on [e.g., ‘causeless’ (ahaitukī), ‘non-deceitful’ (akaitava), etc., meaning, this bhakti that is propounded throughout Śrīmad Bhāgavatam] is of two types: vaidhī and rāgānugā. In this regard, vaidhī [-bhakti] is [bhakti that is] impelled by injunctions stated in the śāstra. Such injunctions, furthermore, are of two types. In that regard, the first [type of injunction] is that which is a cause of the inclination [to enact bhakti], and [the second type] is that which is a cause of knowledge of what is to be done, what is not to be done, and the order [in which things are meant to be] therein [i.e., in such bhakti]. The first [type of injunction] is illustrated [in SB 1.2.14], ‘Therefore, Bhagavān, the Protector of the sātvatas [i.e., his bhaktas], is to be heard about, to be praised, to be meditated upon, and to be worshiped continuously with one mind [i.e., with a one-pointed mind].’ The second [type of injunction], furthermore, is that which is related to ritual worship (arcana), rites (vratas), and so forth. Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa describes that [in SB 11.27.53], ‘One attains me specifically through the practice (yoga) of bhakti without motive [i.e., through unconditional prema], and one who shall worship me in this way shall attain that practice (yoga) of bhakti [i.e., that unconditional prema].’ ‘Without motive’ (nairapekṣyeṇa) means without cause [i.e., without desire for any object other than me and bhakti to me, meaning, if one engages in a motiveless practice of bhakti—unconditional prema-bhakti—wherein there is no other cause, that is, no other object of pursuit than Bhagavān himself and bhakti to him, then as a result of that motiveless practice of bhakti one will attain Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa]. [In this regard one may wonder,] ‘How can specifically a practice (yoga) of bhakti without cause come about [i.e., if one can attain Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa by way of a motiveless practice of bhakti, then how can one attain that motiveless practice of bhakti]?’ To this, he says bhakti-yogam … [i.e., Śrī Kṛṣṇa states the second half of the verse wherein he says that one should perform ritual worship (pūjā) of himself ‘in this way’ (evaṁ)]. ‘In this way’ (evaṁ) means in accord with stated injunctions [mentioned earlier by Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa in SB 11.27.8–9], ‘Having attained the twice-bornness stated by the precept applicable to themself [i.e., the type of twice-bornness that is enjoined in the directives in the Veda for their personal eligibility (adhikāra), meaning, their particular caste (jāti) and so forth], when and how a person should worship me with bhakti and śraddhā—hear that from me. One endowed with bhakti should unaffectedly worship me, [I who am] one’s own Guru, in a deity, [or, if that is not possible, then in the first of whichever of the following is possible], on a piece of ground leveled for the performance of sacrifice, in a fire, in the sun, in water, in the heart, or in a twice-born.’ Similarly, [the second type of injunction] is to be understood to also be related to Ekādaśī, Janmāṣṭamī, and so forth [i.e., the injunctions that cover when and how rites like those related to Ekādaśī and Janmāṣṭamī are to be performed are also to be considered instances of the second type of injunctions that impel the practice of vaidhī-bhakti].

“Now, the divisions of vaidhī [i.e., the various forms of vaidhī-bhakti] are śaraṇāpatti [i.e., śaraṇāgati], service to the sat beginning with the blessed guru, hearing (śravaṇa), praising (kīrtana), and so on. These [i.e., the various forms of vaidhī-bhakti], furthermore, both individually and in combinations of two, three, or more, become means [by which bhāva becomes manifest] because of hearing so [i.e., because examples of bhāva becoming manifest through engagement in them are heard about in the śāstra]. Therein [i.e., among the divisions of vaidhī-bhakti], firstly there is śaraṇāpatti.”

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devānāṁ guṇa-liṅgānām ānuśravika-karmaṇām

devānāṁ guṇa-liṅgānām ānuśravika-karmaṇām |
sattva evaika-manaso vṛttiḥ svābhāvikī tu yā ||
animittā bhāgavatī bhaktiḥ siddher garīyasī ||

(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 3.25.32; cited in Hari-bhakti-vilāsa: 11.614; Prīti Sandarbha: 61)

“The vṛtti [i.e., engagement] solely in relation to Sattva [i.e., Bhagavān], which is natural [i.e., not effected by force] and causeless [i.e., free from extraneous desire], of the illuminators [i.e., the senses], which make known their objects and whose actions are directed by the Veda, of one of singular [i.e., one-pointed] mind is [known as] bhakti related to Bhagavān, and [is] superior to siddhi [i.e., mokṣa].”

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tad evaṁ bhagavad-arpita-dharmādi-sādhyatvāt tāṁ

tad evaṁ bhagavad-arpita-dharmādi-sādhyatvāt tāṁ vinānyeṣām akiñcitkaratvāt, tasyāḥ svata eva samarthatvāt, sva-leśena svābhāsādināpi paramārtha-paryanta-prāpakatvāt, sarveṣāṁ varṇānāṁ nityatvāc ca, sākṣād bhakti-rūpaṁ tat-sāmmukhyam evātrābhidheyaṁ vastv iti sthitam | iyam eva kevalatvād ananyatākhyā | … tasyāś ca mahādurbodhatvaṁ mahādurlabhatvaṁ coktam … | … tad evaṁ tasyāḥ śravaṇādi-rūpāyāḥ sākṣād-bhakteḥ sarva-vighna-nivāraṇa-pūrvaka-sākṣād-bhagavat-prema-phaladatve sthite parama-durlabhatve ca saty anya-kāmanayā ca nābhidheyatvam | … tan-mātra-kāmanāyāṁ ca bhakter evākiñcanatvam akāmatvaṁ ca saṁjñāpitam | … tatheyam evaikāntitety ucyate |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 165)

“Thus, in this way, here [i.e., in this book], intentness (sāmmukhya) upon him [i.e., Bhagavān] in the form of direct bhakti [to him] has been established as the subject, the abhidheya [i.e., the principal directive of the śāstra, the means to the highest attainment], because of (1) [its] being the goal of [performing] dharma and so forth offered to Bhagavān, (2) all else [i.e., all other processes] being useless [i.e., ineffective] without it, (3) [its] being capable [i.e., effective] of its own accord [i.e., independently of all other processes], (4) [its] being with just a trace of itself, a semblance of itself, and so forth a cause of attaining even the supreme object, and (5) [its] being compulsory for all varṇas. Because of [its] being exclusive [i.e., not involving worship of any other devatās], it is called ananyatā [i.e., unalloyedness, lit., ‘having no other’]. … Its being most difficult to understand and most difficult to attain are also stated [in SB 6.3.19, SB 3.15.24, and elsewhere]. … Thus, in this way, with this direct bhakti in the form of hearing and so forth being established as first the remover of all obstacles and [then] the bestower of the goal of prema for Bhagavān himself, and [its also being established as] extremely difficult to attain, [its] not being the abhidheya when [performed] with another desire [i.e., any desire other than desire for itself] is [established] as well. … When one has desire only for that [i.e., for bhakti itself], bhakti’s akiñcanatva [i.e., unconditionality, lit. ‘being without anything’] and akāmatva [i.e., being without desire for anything else, lit., ‘desirelessness’] is made known. … It is thus [also] called ekāntitā [lit., ‘one-pointedness’].”

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yasmād evaṁ sarvānandātikrama-liṅgena paramānanda-svarūpāsau

yasmād evaṁ sarvānandātikrama-liṅgena paramānanda-svarūpāsau bhaktis tasmāt tatra svabhāvata eva pravṛttir guṇaḥ, tathābhūtām api tan-mādhurīṁ svadoṣeṇānubhavitum asamarthānāṁ tu kevala-vidhi-niṣedha-sambhava-guṇa-doṣa-dṛṣṭyaiva pravṛttir api pūrvāpekṣayā doṣa eva | … ||177|| iyam akiñcanākhyā bhaktir eva jīvānāṁ svabhāvata ucitā | svābhāvika-tad-āśrayā hi jīvāḥ ‘sa kāraṇaṁ karaṇādhipādhipaḥ’ iti śruteḥ | aṁśatve’pi bahiraṅgatva-svīkārāt tad-āśrayatvaṁ sūrya-maṇḍala-bahir-ātapa-paramāṇūnām iva | ata eva pādmottara-khaṇḍe praṇava-vyākhyāne—‘a-kāraś cāpy u-kāraś ca ma-kāraś ca tataḥ param | veda-trayātmakaṁ proktaṁ praṇavaṁ brahmaṇaḥ padam || a-kāreṇocyate viṣṇuḥ śrīr u-kāreṇa cocyate | ma-kāras tu tayor dāsaḥ pañcaviṁśaḥ prakīrtitaḥ ||’ … ||178||
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 177–178)

“Since, in this way, this bhakti is of the essential nature of the highest bliss by virtue of [its possessing] the characteristic of surpassing all [other forms of] bliss, inclination (pravṛtti) towards it just naturally is a quality, whereas even inclination [towards it] solely because of consideration only of the merits and demerits [i.e., consequences for oneself] produced by [observation and transgression of] injunctions and prohibitions [related to it] on the part of those who are unable to experience its sweetness even as such [i.e., even though it is a cause of experience of superlative bliss] because of their own faults [e.g., their absence of intentness upon Bhagavān, their inclinations, desires, and attachments related to objects other than Bhagavān, their offenses (aparādhās) against Bhagavān, and so on] is verily a fault (doṣa) in comparison to the former [i.e., in comparison to an inclination towards bhakti that is impelled naturally]. … ||177||
“This bhakti known an ‘unconditional’ [alt., ‘pure,’ lit., ‘without anything’] (akiñcanā) [i.e., unconditional bhakti] alone is befitting naturally for jīvas, since jīvas are they whose dependence upon him [viz., Bhagavān, the object of unconditional bhakti] is natural, as per the Śruti [i.e., Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 6.9], ‘He is the Cause [of everything (sarvasya), as per Śrī Śaṅkarācārya’s commentary] and the Ruler of the ruler of the means of action [i.e., the Ruler of the jīva, who is the ruler of the senses in their bodies, as per Śrī Raṅga Rāmānuja’s commentary].’ Even with [the existence of their] part-hood (aṁśatva) [i.e., even though the jīvas are parts (aṁśas) of Bhagavān’s Paramātmā aspect], [their] being of dependence (āśrayatva) upon him is because of acceptance of their externality (bahiraṅgatva) [lit., their being regarded as an outer part of Bhagavān] as is so of the particles of light outside the orb of the sun [i.e., as light particles that have been emitted by the sun are understood to be situated outside the orb of the sun yet also dependent upon the sun for their existence, the jīvas are understood to be distinct parts (vibhinnāṁśas) of Śrī Bhagavān uet also dependent upon Śrī Bhagavān for their existence; as only something that is considered distinct from something else can be considered to be dependent upon it (since otherwise it would simply be the thing it is being said to be sheltered within), so the jīvas are considered to be dependent upon Bhagavān because it is understood that they exist ‘outside’ him in the sense that they are considered dependent external parts (aṁśas) of him]. Therefore [i.e., because the jīva is a dependent, external part of Śrī Bhagavān], in the explanation of praṇava in the Uttara-khaṇḍa of Padma Purāṇa (PP 6.227.22-23) [it is said that the jīva is a servant of Śrī Bhagavān], ‘The letter a along with the letter u and the letter m after that—praṇava [i.e., the word Aum]—is declared to be the basis of the three Vedas and the word for [alt., dwelling place] of Brahman. Viṣṇu is referred to by the letter a, and Śrī is referred to by the letter u. The servant of the two [i.e., of Viṣṇu and Śrī], the twenty-fifth [element in the universe, viz., the jīva], is declared to indeed be the letter m.” ||178||

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nirupādhitayā snigdha-svabhāvatvam api labhyate

nirupādhitayā snigdha-svabhāvatvam api labhyate | yad vinā sarve’py anye guṇā janāya arocamānāḥ svarūpād bhraśyanti | tataś copasanna-mātreṣu tasya nirupādhitayā snigdhatve labdhe nirupādhi-bhakteṣu sutarām eva tādṛśatvaṁ syāt … |
(Durgama-saṅgamanī-ṭīkā on Bhakti-rasāmṛta-sindhu: 2.1.118)

“Without which [i.e., without Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s having an unconditionally affectionate nature], even all [his] other qualities depart from their nature as they [then] become unsatisfying to people. Furthermore, when his unconditional affectionateness is perceived only towards those who approach him [i.e., those who take shelter in him], then his being such [i.e., unconditionally affectionate in nature] shall certainly be [shown] towards unconditional bhaktas.”

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śruti-smṛti-purāṇādi-pañcarātra-vidhiṁ vinā

śruti-smṛti-purāṇādi-pañcarātra-vidhiṁ vinā |
aikāntikī harer bhaktir utpātāyaiva kalpate ||
bhaktir aikāntikī veyam avicārāt pratīyate |
vastutas tu tathā naiva yad aśāstrīyatekṣyate ||
(Bhakti-rasāmṛta-sindhu: 1.2.101–102; Brahma-yāmala; cited in Bhakti Sandarbha: 284, 312)

“‘Without [adherence to] the injunctions of the Śrutis, Smṛtis, Purāṇas, Pañcarātras, and other śāstras, [even] one-pointed bhakti to Hari leads only to disturbance.’ Such bhakti [as mentioned in this verse from Brahma-yāmala] may appear to be one-pointed as a result of misjudgement. In reality, however, it is not so because it is seen to be unsupported by śāstra.”

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tad evaṁ tasyāḥ śravaṇādi-rūpāyāḥ sākṣād-bhakteḥ

tad evaṁ tasyāḥ śravaṇādi-rūpāyāḥ sākṣād-bhakteḥ sarva-vighna-nivāraṇa-pūrvaka-sākṣād-bhagavat-prema-phaladatve sthite parama-durlabhatve ca saty anya-kāmanayā ca nābhidheyatvam | … tan-mātra-kāmanāyāṁ ca bhakter evākiñcanatvam akāmatvaṁ ca saṁjñāpitam | … tatheyam evaikāntitety ucyate … |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 165)

“Thus, when, in this way, direct (sākṣāt) bhakti in the form of hearing and so forth is established as first a remover of all obstacles and [then] a bestower of the goal of prema for Bhagavān himself, and as being supremely difficult [alt., rare] to attain, its not being the abhidheya [i.e., the means to attain the highest good enjoined by the śāstra for all beings] with another desire [i.e., when it is performed with a desire for anything other than prema for Bhagavān] is also [established]. … When [performed] out of desire only for that [i.e., for bhakti itself], bhakti is known as being akiñcanā [lit., ‘without anything’] and akāmā [lit., ‘without desire’]. … Similarly, it is called ekāntitā [lit., ‘one-pointed’].”

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bhagavato’nyatra pṛthaṅ na kadācid api yā bhavati sā tv ananyā bhaktiḥ

bhagavato’nyatra pṛthaṅ na kadācid api yā bhavati sā tv ananyā bhaktiḥ | sarvair api karaṇaiḥ vāsudevād anyan na upalabhyate yayā, sānanyā bhaktiḥ … |
(Śaṅkarācārya’s bhāṣya on Śrīmad Bhagavad-gītā: 11.54)

“That which never manifests separately apart from Bhagavān is ananyā-bhakti [i.e., bhakti which has no other object]. That by which nothing other than Vāsudeva is perceived with all the senses is ananyā-bhakti.”

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