Vyākaraṇa

aho yūyaṁ sma pūrṇārthā bhavatyo loka-pūjitāḥ

aho yūyaṁ sma pūrṇārthā bhavatyo loka-pūjitāḥ |
vāsudeve bhagavati yāsām ity arpitaṁ manaḥ ||
dāna-vrāta-tapo-homa-japa-svādhyāya-saṁyamaiḥ |
śreyobhir vividhaiś cānyaiḥ kṛṣṇe bhaktir hi sādhyate ||
bhagavaty uttamaḥ-śloke bhavatībhir anuttamā |
bhaktiḥ pravartitā diṣṭyā munīnām api durlabhā ||
diṣṭyā putrān patīn dehān svajanān bhavanāni ca |
hitvāvṛṇīta yūyaṁ yat kṛṣṇākhyaṁ puruṣaṁ param ||
sarvātma-bhāvo’dhikṛto bhavatīnām adhokṣaje |
viraheṇa mahābhāgā mahān me’nugrahaḥ kṛtaḥ ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 10.47.23–27)

“[Uddhava to the gopīs:] Aho! You all, whose minds are offered to Bhagavān Vāsudeva in this way, are verily successful and worshipable to the world. Bhakti to Kṛṣṇa is certainly accomplished by means of charity, rites, austerities, sacrifices, japa, study, and sense control, as well as by various other meritorious acts. Unexcelled bhakti to Bhagavān, he of highest praise (Uttamaḥśloka), that is rare to attain even for the sages, [however,] has been performed [alt., will be propagated] by you all by great fortune. That you all have forsaken [your] sons, husbands, bodies, relatives, and homes and accepted the Supreme Puruṣa [alt., ‘another man’] known as Kṛṣṇa is by great fortune. Bhāva in full form for he who is transcendent (Adhokṣaja) has been attained by [alt., conferred upon] you all, and by separation [i.e., by your experience of separation from Kṛṣṇa with that most complete form of bhāva], O you all of great fortune, tremendous favor has been shown to me.”

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varṇāgamo varṇa-viparyayaś ca

varṇāgamo varṇa-viparyayaś ca
dvau cāparau varṇa-vikāra-nāśau |
dhātos tad-arthātiśayena yogas
tad ucyate pañca-vidhaṁ niruktam ||
(Kārikā on Aṣṭa-dhyāyī: 6.3.109; cited in the vṛtti to Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: 2028)

“(1) Addition of a phoneme (varṇa) [as in the case of kuñjaraḥ], and (2) reversal [i.e., reordering] of a phoneme [as in the case of siṁha], also the other two—(3) change of a phoneme [as in the case of ṣo-ḍan] and (4) deletion of a phoneme [as in the case of pṛṣodara], and (5) application of a verbal root (dhātu) with an exceedance of its meaning [as in the case of mayūra]—etymology (niruktam) is thus said to be of five types.”

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kṛṣṇasya vigrahe bhāti samāsenākhilaṁ padam

kṛṣṇasya vigrahe bhāti samāsenākhilaṁ padam |
itīva smārakaṁ vakṣye samāsa-pada-vigraham ||
sa-bahuvrīhi-dvigutā-mātre lubdho’smi sa-dvandvaḥ |
tat puruṣa karma dhāraya bhakter yenāvyayī-bhāvaḥ ||
(Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: Samāsa-prakaraṇa, 1–2)

“I will now describe the compounding (samāsa) and isolation (vigraha) of words (padas) [i.e., the rules of grammar regarding the formation of compounds and the isolation of the words in compounds], which are like reminders that all things (padas) exist in aggregation (samāsa) in the figure (vigraha) of Kṛṣṇa. I am greedy and quarrelsome (sa-dvandva) just to have a lot of rice (sa-bahu-vrīhi) and two cows (dvi-gu). Therefore (tat), O Puruṣa [i.e., O Kṛṣṇa], please cause [me] to perform (dhāraya) action (karma) by which a non-declining state (avyayī-bhāva) of bhakti [to you] shall come to be.”

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viṣayo viśayaś caiva pūrvapakṣas tathottaram

viṣayo viśayaś caiva pūrvapakṣas tathottaram |
nirṇayaś ceti pañcāṅgaṁ śāstre’dhikaraṇaṁ smṛtam ||
(Śloka-vārtika of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa)

“(1) The subject (viṣaya), (2) a doubt (viśaya) [regarding it], (3) a prior position (pūrvapakṣa) [regarding it], then (4) the answer [lit., the ‘latter’ position regarding it], (5) and the conclusion (nirṇaya)—an adhikaraṇa [i.e., ‘topic’] in śāstra in known to be of these five parts.”

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rañjanaṁ tat-sādhanaṁ vā rāgaḥ

rañjanaṁ tat-sādhanaṁ vā rāgaḥ | neha—rajaty asmin raṅgaḥ |
(Vṛtti on Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: 1619)

“[The word] Rāga [made from the dhātu rañj and the pratyāya [gh]a[ṇ]] means rañjana [i.e., coloring, the act of being colored; alt., delighting; alt., desire, attachment, love, or beauty] or a means thereof [i.e., dye, that by which something becomes colored]. Not here [is the operation described in the sūtra applied]: raṅga [thus] means that wherein one delights [i.e., a theater, a stage, etc.].”

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dig-dṛṣṭi-dīdhiti-svarga-vajra-vāg-bāṇa-vāriṣu

dig-dṛṣṭi-dīdhiti-svarga-vajra-vāg-bāṇa-vāriṣu |
bhūmau paśau ca go-śabdo vidvadbhir daśasu smṛtaḥ ||
(Halāyudha; cited in the Amṛta-tīkā on Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: 1581)

“The word go is considered by the wise in ten senses: (1) direction (diś), (2) eye [alt., sense] (dṛṣṭi), (3) ray of light (dīdhiti), (4) Svarga, (5) thunderbolt (vajra), (6) speech [alt., Sarasvatī Devī] (vāc), (7) arrow (bāṇa), (8) water (vāri), (9) earth [alt., place] (bhūmi), and (10) cow [alt., animal, or, living being] (paśu).”

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upamīyate yena tad upamānam, yat tūpamīyate tad upameyam

upamīyate yena tad upamānam, yat tūpamīyate tad upameyam |
(Amṛta-ṭīkā on Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: 1314)

“That with which comparing occurs [i.e., to which something is compared] is [called] the upamāna [i.e., the object of comparison], and that which is compared [to the upamāna] is [called] the upameya [i.e., the subject of comparison, e.g., in the phrase ‘lotus feet,’ the lotus is the upamāna and feet are the upameya].”

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upamīyate yena tad upamānam, yat tūpamīyate tad upameyam Read on →

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