Bhakti Sandarbha

bhakti-yogo bahu-vidho mārgair bhāvini bhāvyate

bhakti-yogo bahu-vidho mārgair bhāvini bhāvyate |
svabhāva-guṇa-mārgeṇa puṁsāṁ bhāvo vibhidyate ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 3.29.7; cited in Bhakti Sandarbha: 234)

“Bhakti-yoga is perceived to be of many types in one possessed of bhāva [i.e., in a human being] because of [different] modes [i.e., manners of functioning]. The bhāva [i.e., intent] of human beings is divided [i.e., categorized in various divisions] because of the modes [i.e., manners of functioning] of the guṇas of nature [alt., as well as because of the natures and bhāvas manifest by bhakti-yoga].”

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eṣā akiñcanātyantikīty-ādi-saṁjñā bhaktir dvividhā—vaidhī rāgānugā ceti

eṣā akiñcanātyantikīty-ādi-saṁjñā bhaktir dvividhā—vaidhī rāgānugā ceti | tatra vaidhī śāstrokta-vidhinā pravartitā | sa ca vidhir dvividhaḥ | tatra prathamaḥ pravṛtti-hetuḥ, tad-anukrama-kartavyākartavyānāṁ jñāna-hetuś ca | prathamas tūdāhṛtaḥ—‘tasmād ekena manasā bhagavān sātvatāṁ patiḥ | śrotavyaḥ kīrtitavyaś ca dhyeyaḥ pūjyaś ca nityadā ||’ ity-ādinā | dvitīyaś cārcana-vratādi-gataḥ | tam āha—‘mām eva nairapekṣyeṇa bhakti-yogena vindati | bhakti-yogaṁ sa labhata evaṁ yaḥ pūjayeta mām ||’ nairapekṣyeṇa ahaitukena | ahaituka-bhakti-yoga eva kathaṁ syāt? tatrāha—bhakti-yogam iti | evaṁ—‘yadā sva-nigamenoktaṁ dvijatvaṁ prāpya pūruṣaḥ | yathā yajeta māṁ bhaktyā śraddhayā tan nibodha me || arcāyāṁ sthaṇḍile’gnau vā sūrye vāpsu hṛdi dvije | dravyeṇa bhakti-yutko’rcet sva-guruṁ mām amāyayā ||’ ity-ādy-ukta-vidhinā | evam ekādaśī-janmāṣṭamy-ādi-gato’pi jñeyaḥ | atha vaidhī-bhedāḥ śaraṇāpatti-śrī-gurv-ādi-sat-sevā-śravaṇa-kīrtanādayaḥ | ete ca pratyekam api dvi-trādayaḥ samudityāpi kāraṇāni bhavanti, tathā śravaṇāt | tatra prathamataḥ śaraṇāpattiḥ |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 235–236)

“This bhakti known as ‘unconditional’ (akiñcanā), ‘absolute’ (ātyantiki), and so on [e.g., ‘causeless’ (ahaitukī), ‘non-deceitful’ (akaitava), etc., meaning, this bhakti that is propounded throughout Śrīmad Bhāgavatam] is of two types: vaidhī and rāgānugā. In this regard, vaidhī [-bhakti] is [bhakti that is] impelled by injunctions stated in the śāstra. Such injunctions, furthermore, are of two types. In that regard, the first [type of injunction] is that which is a cause of the inclination [to enact bhakti], and [the second type] is that which is a cause of knowledge of what is to be done, what is not to be done, and the order [in which things are meant to be] therein [i.e., in such bhakti]. The first [type of injunction] is illustrated [in SB 1.2.14], ‘Therefore, Bhagavān, the Protector of the sātvatas [i.e., his bhaktas], is to be heard about, to be praised, to be meditated upon, and to be worshiped continuously with one mind [i.e., with a one-pointed mind].’ The second [type of injunction], furthermore, is that which is related to ritual worship (arcana), rites (vratas), and so forth. Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa describes that [in SB 11.27.53], ‘One attains me specifically through the practice (yoga) of bhakti without motive [i.e., through unconditional prema], and one who shall worship me in this way shall attain that practice (yoga) of bhakti [i.e., that unconditional prema].’ ‘Without motive’ (nairapekṣyeṇa) means without cause [i.e., without desire for any object other than me and bhakti to me, meaning, if one engages in a motiveless practice of bhakti—unconditional prema-bhakti—wherein there is no other cause, that is, no other object of pursuit than Bhagavān himself and bhakti to him, then as a result of that motiveless practice of bhakti one will attain Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa]. [In this regard one may wonder,] ‘How can specifically a practice (yoga) of bhakti without cause come about [i.e., if one can attain Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa by way of a motiveless practice of bhakti, then how can one attain that motiveless practice of bhakti]?’ To this, he says bhakti-yogam … [i.e., Śrī Kṛṣṇa states the second half of the verse wherein he says that one should perform ritual worship (pūjā) of himself ‘in this way’ (evaṁ)]. ‘In this way’ (evaṁ) means in accord with stated injunctions [mentioned earlier by Bhagavān Śrī Kṛṣṇa in SB 11.27.8–9], ‘Having attained the twice-bornness stated by the precept applicable to themself [i.e., the type of twice-bornness that is enjoined in the directives in the Veda for their personal eligibility (adhikāra), meaning, their particular caste (jāti) and so forth], when and how a person should worship me with bhakti and śraddhā—hear that from me. One endowed with bhakti should unaffectedly worship me, [I who am] one’s own Guru, in a deity, [or, if that is not possible, then in the first of whichever of the following is possible], on a piece of ground leveled for the performance of sacrifice, in a fire, in the sun, in water, in the heart, or in a twice-born.’ Similarly, [the second type of injunction] is to be understood to also be related to Ekādaśī, Janmāṣṭamī, and so forth [i.e., the injunctions that cover when and how rites like those related to Ekādaśī and Janmāṣṭamī are to be performed are also to be considered instances of the second type of injunctions that impel the practice of vaidhī-bhakti].

“Now, the divisions of vaidhī [i.e., the various forms of vaidhī-bhakti] are śaraṇāpatti [i.e., śaraṇāgati], service to the sat beginning with the blessed guru, hearing (śravaṇa), praising (kīrtana), and so on. These [i.e., the various forms of vaidhī-bhakti], furthermore, both individually and in combinations of two, three, or more, become means [by which bhāva becomes manifest] because of hearing so [i.e., because examples of bhāva becoming manifest through engagement in them are heard about in the śāstra]. Therein [i.e., among the divisions of vaidhī-bhakti], firstly there is śaraṇāpatti.”

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atra kāmādīnām asambhave hetuḥ—sākṣād iti padam

atra kāmādīnām asambhave hetuḥ—sākṣād iti padam, tad-uttara-kālatvāt sāksātkārasya |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 198)

“[Commenting in regard to SB 11.2.55,] The cause of the impossibility of kāma and so forth [ever again arising in the heart] is [stated by] the word ‘directly’ (sākṣāt) [i.e., when Bhagavān is personally manifest in the heart, then no material desire, anger, or other such vice can arise there], on account of direct realization (sākṣātkāra) [i.e., direct perception of Bhagavān in the heart] being thereafter [i.e., direct perception of Bhagavān in the heart occurs only after all kāma and so forth have been purged from the heart, and once he is directly perceived there, no scope of them ever re-entering the heart remains].”

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svakīya-bhāvasyaiva sarvatra parisphūrteḥ śrī-bhagavad-ādi-dviṣatsv

svakīya-bhāvasyaiva sarvatra parisphūrteḥ śrī-bhagavad-ādi-dviṣatsv api sā paryavasyati, tatra ca nāyuktatā, yatas te nija-prāṇa-koṭi-nirmañchanīya-tac-caraṇa-paṅkaja-parāga-leśās teṣāṁ durvyavahāra-dṛṣṭyā kṣubhyanti | svīya-bhāvānusāreṇa tv evaṁ manyante—“aho īdṛśaś cetano vā kaḥ syād yaḥ punar asmin sarvānanda-kanda-kadambe nirupādhi-parama-premāspade sakala-loka-prasādaka-sad-guṇa-maṇi-bhūṣite sarva-hita-paryavasāyi-caryāmṛte śrī-puruṣottame tat-priya-jane vā prītiṁ na kurvīta | tad-dveṣa-kāraṇaṁ tu sutarām evāsmad-buddhi-paddhatim atītam | tasmād brahmādi-sthāvara-paryantā aduṣṭā duṣṭāś ca tasmin bāḍhaṁ rajyanta eva” iti |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 189)

“Because of a full manifestation (parisphūrti) of their very own bhāva [i.e., their prema for Bhagavān] everywhere [i.e., because they see their own bhāva for Bhagavān manifest in everything in their environment], that [bhāva] encompasses [i.e., appears to be present amid] even those who are inimical to Bhagavān and so forth [i.e., his bhaktas], and there is no unsuitability in this regard [i.e., in regard to this conclusion], since they [i.e., the highest class of bhaktas], for whom [even] the particles of the pollen on his [i.e., Bhagavān’s] lotus feet are worshipable with a crore of their own lives, [do indeed] become disturbed by the sight of their [i.e., the inimical’s] ill behavior [i.e., since Bhagavān is most dear to them, they do feel disturbed by those who are inimical to him, but since they are said to never be disturbed, it must be concluded that they do not ever perceive enmity towards Bhagavān even in those who are inimical, and rather, perceive in the inimical their own prema for Bhagavān]. In accord with their own bhāva, rather [than seeing the inimical to be inimical], they think as follows, ‘Aho! Could there by any such conscious being who would not foster love (prīti) for this Supreme Person (Śrī Puruṣottama) or those dear to him—[this Supreme Person] in whom exists a multitude of sources of all [types of] bliss, [this Supreme Person] who is the unconditional and supreme object of love (prema) [for all living beings], [this Supreme Person] who is adorned with the jewels of virtues that are delightful to all beings, [this Supreme Person] the nectar of whose conduct culminates in the welfare of all? A cause of enmity towards him, rather, is thus entirely beyond the scope of our intellects. Therefore, from Brahmā and so forth down to the immobile, [both] the virtuous and the vile, are all deeply enamored with him.’”

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viṣṇu-bhaktiṁ pravakṣyāmi yayā sarvam avāpyate

viṣṇu-bhaktiṁ pravakṣyāmi yayā sarvam avāpyate |
yathā bhaktyā haris tuṣyet tathā nānyena kenacit ||
bhaja ity eṣa vai dhātuḥ sevāyāṁ parikīrtitaḥ |
tasmāt sevā budhaiḥ proktā bhaktiḥ sādhana-bhūyasī ||
(Garuḍa Purāṇa: 1.227.1, 3; cited in Bhakti Sandarbha: 216)

“I shall now describe Viṣṇu-bhakti, by which everything is attained. Hari is not as satisfied by anything else as he can be by bhakti. The dhātu √bhaj [i.e., the verbal root from which the word bhakti is derived] is widely said to mean service (sevā). Therefore, the great sādhana [known as] bhakti is said to be service (sevā) by the wise.”

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viṣaya-vairāgye’pi gūḍhaṁ saṁskāravanto’pi sambhavanti

viṣaya-vairāgye’pi gūḍhaṁ saṁskāravanto’pi sambhavanti |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 187)

“Even in the midst of detachment from the sense objects, also possessing invisible [i.e., latent] saṁskāras [for varieties of sensual experience] is possible [for a mahānta, i.e., one who has attained success on the path of bhakti].”

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sākṣātkāra-mātrasyāpi yadyapi puruṣa-prayojanatvaṁ

sākṣātkāra-mātrasyāpi yadyapi puruṣa-prayojanatvaṁ, tathāpi tasminn api sākṣātkāre yāvān yāvān śrī-bhagavataḥ priyatva-dharmānubhavaḥ, tāvāṁs tāvān utkarṣaḥ | nirupādhi-prīty-āspadatā-svabhāvasya priyatva-dharmānubhavaṁ vinā tu sākṣātkāro’py asākṣātkāra eva, mādhuryaṁ vinā duṣṭa-jihvayā khaṇḍasyeva | … tataḥ prema-tāratamyenaiva bhakta-mahattva-tāratamyaṁ mukhyam | … yatra tu premādhikyaṁ sākṣātkāraḥ, kaṣāyādi-rāhityādikam apy asti, sa paramo mukhyaḥ | tatraikaikāṅga-vaikalye nyūna-nyūna iti jñeyam |
(Bhakti Sandarbha: 187)

“Despite only direct perception (sākṣātkāra) [of Bhagavān] being the aim (prayojana) of an embodied being, even in that respect there is [a gradation of] excellence in that direct perception in so far as there is experience of Śrī Bhagavān’s quality of being dear (priyatva). Without experience of the quality of being dear in [Bhagavān,] he who is by nature the [true, worthy] object of unconditional love (prīti) [for all living beings], however, even direct perception (sākṣātkāra) [of him] is verily non-perception (asākṣātkāra), and just like a sugar candy [tasted to be] without sweetness by a diseased tongue [i.e., as someone with jaundice does not experience the sweet taste of sugar candy even after eating the candy, so direct perception of Bhagavān without experience of his quality of being dear, that is, experience of him without prema or at least rati for him, is akin to having had no perception of him at all]. … Therefore, gradation in the greatness of bhaktas based specifically on a gradation in [their] prema is principal [i.e., is the primary means by which the relative stature of bhaktas is to be determined]. … One in whom, however, there is superiority in prema, direct perception [of Bhagavān], and the absence of impurities and so forth, is foremost. When there is deficiency in [these] aspects, one by one, there is [relative] inferiority and [further] inferiority [in the stature of a mahānta]. This is to be understood.”

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bhajanti ye yathā devān devā api tathaiva tān

bhajanti ye yathā devān devā api tathaiva tān |
chāyeva karma-sacivāḥ sādhavo dīna-vatsalāḥ ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 11.2.6; cited in Hari-bhakti-vilāsa: 10.209; Bhakti Sandarbha: 183)

“As they [i.e., living beings] honor the devas, so too the devas, ministers of karma, honor them like a shadow [i.e., the devas merely reciprocate the worship they receive from livings beings in a fixed corresponding manner]. The sādhus [on the contrary] are affectionate to the distressed [i.e., the sādhus can favor living beings independent of one’s karmic circumstances].”

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sat-saṅga-hetuś ca satāṁ svaira-cāritaiva, nānyaḥ

sat-saṅga-hetuś ca satāṁ svaira-cāritaiva, nānyaḥ | … satāṁ kṛpā ca duravasthā-darśana-mātrodbhavā, na svopāsanādy-apekṣā, yathā śrī-nāradasya nalakūvara-maṇigrīvayoḥ |
(Excerpt from Bhakti Sandarbha: 181, 183)

“The cause of sat-saṅga, furthermore, is the independent action of the sat, and not anything else. … The grace of the sat, furthermore, is produced only by [their] sight of plight [in a living being], and is not dependent on their own upāsanā [i.e., on receiving respect, service, and so forth that is offered to them], as was Śrī Nārada’s [grace] upon Nalakūvara and Maṇigrīva. … ”

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svayaṁ samuttīrya sudustaraṁ dyuman

svayaṁ samuttīrya sudustaraṁ dyuman
bhavārṇavaṁ bhīmam adabhra-sauhṛdāḥ |
bhavat-padāmbhoruha-nāvam atra te
nidhāya yātāḥ sad-anugraho bhavān ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 10.2.31; cited in Paramātma Sandarbha: 93; Bhakti Sandarbha: 180)

“O luminous One, after having fully crossed over the fearsome and difficult to traverse ocean of material existence and reached [the shore] themselves, they of abundant affection [alt., friendliness, i.e., the sat] have left the boat of your lotus feet here [for others of the future to take shelter in and so also reach the shore], since you are he whose grace is the sat [alt., he whose grace comes to those in the ocean of material existence only through the sat].”

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