kartṛ-karma-kriyā-yuktaḥ prayogaḥ syāt sakarmakaḥ |
akarmakaḥ karma-śūnyaḥ karma-dvandvo dvikarmaḥ ||
(Samāsa-cakra)
“Usage (prayoga) [i.e., a syntactic pattern of words] containing an agent (kartṛ), object (karma), and verb (kriyā) should be [called] transitive (sakarmaka). An intransitive (akarmaka) one has no object. One in which there are two objects is [called] ditransitive (dvikarmaka).”
viśeṣaṇaṁ puraskṛtya viśeṣyaṁ tad-anantaram |
kartṛ-karma-kriyā-yuktam etad anvaya-laksanam ||
(Samāsa-cakram: 10)
“The agent (kartṛ), object (karma), and verb (kriyā) [so] ordered, placing modifiers first and qualificands thereafter—this is the characteristic of word order (anvaya).”
ādau kartṛ-padaṁ vācyaṁ dvitīyādi-padaṁ tataḥ |
ktvā-tumun-lyap ca madhye tu kuryād ante kriyā-padam ||
(Samāsa-cakram: 4)
“First, state the word for the agent (kartṛ-padam), then words in the second case and so forth [i.e., the object, etc.], [thereafter] in the middle words containing the ktvā, tumun, and lyap suffixes [i.e., all non-finite, indeclinable verbal forms], and at the end the word for the verb (kriyā-padam).”
yasmin yato yarhi yena ca yasya yasmād
yasmai yathā yad uta yas tv aparaḥ paro vā |
bhāvaḥ karoti vikaroti pṛthak svabhāvaḥ
sañcoditas tad akhilaṁ bhavataḥ svarūpam ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 7.9.20; cited in the Amṛta-ṭīkā to Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: Kāraka-prakaraṇa, Maṅgalācaraṇa)
“That in which, because of which, at which [time], by which, of which, from which, for which, with which [manner], and even which a latter or former entity of distinct nature [from you] who is impelled [by you] creates or transforms is all your nature.”
yatra yena yato yasya yasmai yad yad yathā yadā |
syād idaṁ bhagavān sākṣāt pradhāna-puruṣeśvaraḥ ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 10.85.4; cited in the Amṛta-ṭīkā to Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: Kāraka-prakaraṇa, Maṅgalācaraṇa)
“In which, by which, from which, of which, for which, with which, and when whatever may be—this is [all simply] Bhagavān himself [i.e., everything in the world is an expression of Bhagavān], the Īśvara of pradhāna and the Puruṣa.”
kṛṣṇa-līlā-kathā-bīja-rūpa-dhātu-gaṇo mayā |
saṅkṣepād vakṣyate tena kṛṣṇo mahyaṁ prasīdatu ||
(Jīva Gosvāmī’s Dhātu-pāṭha)
“Dhātus [i.e., verbal roots], the seeds of [all] discussion of Kṛṣṇa’s līlās, are listed by me in brief [here in this Dhātu-saṅgrahaḥ]. May Kṛṣṇa bestow grace upon me because of this.”
yaḥ kartā karma karaṇaṁ sampradānam aśeṣataḥ |
apādānādhikaraṇe tat-sambandho bhaved iha ||
(Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: Kāraka-prakaraṇa, Maṅgalācaraṇa)
[Translation based on the Amṛta-ṭīkā presenting the meaning related to grammar:] “Here [i.e., in this prakaraṇa] the relationship [with the kriyā (verb)] of the agent (kartā), object (karma), instrument (karaṇa), beneficiary (sampradānam), source (āpādāna), and substratum (adhikaraṇa) [i.e., of all six kārakas] shall be [presented] in full.”
[Translation based on the Amṛta-ṭīkā presenting the meaning related to Bhagavān:] “May a relationship with he who is the agent (kartā), object (karma), instrument (karaṇa), beneficiary (sampradānam), source (āpādāna), and substratum (adhikaraṇa) in all respects [i.e., by means of his various forms] be manifest here [i.e., in me].”
[Translation based on the Amṛta-ṭīkā presenting a second meaning related to Bhagavān:] “Here [i.e., in this world] let [only] a relationship with he who in all respects is the agent (kartā), object (karma), instrument (karaṇa), beneficiary (sampradānam), source (āpādāna), and substratum (adhikaraṇa) be manifest [to me].”
pravartante kriyāḥ sarvā yato’rvācīna-vastuṣu |
hares tasyaiva līlās tā nirūpyante yathā-mati ||
(Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: Ākhyāta-prakaraṇa, 1)
“Hari from whom all kriyās [i.e., actions and verbs, that is, words that refer to actions] proceed into the midst of modern-day objects [i.e., worldly objects]—those līlās of his alone are described [here in this section (prakaraṇa) about verbs by me] according to my understanding.”
ya ekaḥ sarva-rūpāṇāṁ sarva-nāmnāṁ tathāśrayaḥ |
tasya viṣṇoḥ padaṁ sarvaṁ viṣṇubhaktyā nirūpyate ||
(Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: Nāma-prakāraṇa, 1)
[General meaning:] “All the abodes of Viṣṇu, he who is the only shelter of all forms and all names, are perceived through Viṣṇu-bhakti.”
[Grammatical meaning:] “All padas [i.e., inflected words] are produced through [application of] a viṣṇubhakti [i.e., a suffix] and related to Viṣṇu, he who is the only shelter of all nāmas [i.e., of all nominal bases, or, of all pronouns] and all forms [i.e., of all the forms of inflected words].”
yad idaṁ sandhi-nirmāṇaṁ varṇānām ārabhe mudā |
tena me kṛṣṇa pādābje manaḥ-sandhir vidhīyatām ||
(Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇa: Sandhi-prakāraṇa, 1)
“By this formulation of [rules for] sandhi [i.e., combination] of phonemes which I begin with joy, O Kṛṣṇa, may my mind be brought into sandhi [i.e., connection] with your lotus feet.”
