Texts

vākya-doṣo nāma yathā khalv asminn arthe nyūnam adhikam

vākya-doṣo nāma yathā khalv asminn arthe nyūnam adhikam anarthakam apārthakaṁ viruddhaṁ ceti |
(Caraka-saṁhitā: 3.8.54)

“Fault in a statement is known as follows in regard to the object [which the statement describes]: (1) deficient (nyūna) [i.e., the statement fails to sufficiently convey the nature of the object; the statement is too laconic], (2) verbose (adhika) [i.e., the statement uses more words than necessary to convey the nature of the object; the statement contains redundancy or irrelevant content], (3) meaningless (anarthaka) [i.e., the statement does not make sense; the statement does not convey any object], (4) incoherent (apārthaka) [i.e., the statement does not convey a complete sense; the statement contains syntactically disjointed content], (5) contradictory (viruddha) [i.e., the statement conveys an idea of the object that is contrary to the actual nature of the object; the statement is erroneous].”

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prācīnānāṁ bhajanam atulaṁ duṣkaraṁ śṛṇvato me

prācīnānāṁ bhajanam atulaṁ duṣkaraṁ śṛṇvato me
nairāśyena jvalati hṛdayaṁ bhakti-leśālasasya |
viṣvadrīcīm aghahara tavākarṇya kāruṇya-vīcīm
āśā-bindūkṣitam idam upaity antare hanta śaityam ||
(Stava-mālā: 1.16.2)

“Upon hearing of the unparalleled and difficult to perform bhajana of the ancients [i.e., Śuka, Ambarīṣa, and others], my heart burns with despair, as I am indolent about even a small amount of bhakti. Hanta! O Destroyer of Agha, upon hearing [however] of the waves of your compassion extending everywhere [i.e., from Brahmā down to even the most lowly], my heart feels within it a coolness moist with drops of hope.”

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viracaya mayi daṇḍaṁ dīna-bandho dayāṁ vā

viracaya mayi daṇḍaṁ dīna-bandho dayāṁ vā
gatir iha na bhavattaḥ kācid anyā mamāsti |
nipatatu śatakoṭir nirmalaṁ vā navāmbhas
tad api kila payodaḥ stūyate cātakena ||
(Stava-mālā: 1.16.1)

“O Friend of the humble,
You may administer punishment or grace upon me.
[Regardless,] I have here [i.e., in this world] no shelter
Other than you whatsoever.
A cloud may cast down
A thunderbolt or pure fresh water.
Still, it is certainly praised by the cātaka.”

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bhuvi puru-puṇya-tīrtha-sadanāny ṛṣayo vimadās

bhuvi puru-puṇya-tīrtha-sadanāny ṛṣayo vimadās
ta uta bhavat-padāmbuja-hṛdo’gha-bhid-aṅghri-jalāḥ |
dadhati sakṛn manas tvayi ya ātmani nitya-sukhe
na punar upāsate puruṣa-sāra-harāvasathān ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 10.87.35)

“Dwelling in the numerous sacred tīrthas on the earth, free from delusion [alt., pride], their hearts fixed on your lotus feet, and the water from their feet dispelling sin, the ṛṣis who once fix their mind on you, the Self, Eternal Happiness, do not again dwell in homes, which steal away the essence of human beings.”

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kiṁ varṇaye tava vibho yad-udīrito’suḥ

kiṁ varṇaye tava vibho yad-udīrito’suḥ
saṁspandate tam anu vāṅ-mana-indriyāṇi |
spandanti vai tanu-bhṛtām aja-śarvayoś ca
svasyāpy athāpi bhajatām asi bhāva-bandhuḥ ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 12.8.40)

“O Pre-eminent One, how do I praise you indeed by whom the life air is impelled and functions, and following that, the speech, minds, and senses function for the embodied, for Aja and Śarva [i.e., Brahmā and Śiva], and for myself as well? Still, you are the Friend out of love (Bhāva-bandhu) of [your] worshipers.”

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yāvat pṛthaktvam idam ātmana indriyārtha

yāvat pṛthaktvam idam ātmana indriyārtha-
māyā-balaṁ bhagavato jana īśa paśyet |
tāvan na saṁsṛtir asau pratisaṅkrameta
vyarthāpi duḥkha-nivahaṁ vahatī kriyārthā ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 3.9.9; cited in Bhakti Sandarbha: 236)

[Rendered as per Śrī Jīva Gosvāmīpāda’s ṭikā:] “O Īśa, as long as a person shall see this [supposed] separateness [i.e., independence] of the self (ātmā) from Bhagavān, [which is in effect] the power of the illusion (māyā) manifested by the objects of the senses, saṁsṛti [i.e., recurrent transmigration throughout material existence], [which is] possessed of the results of actions and productive of a myriad of sufferings, shall not cease even though it is vain [i.e., devoid of any real substance, meaning, or value].”

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tāvad bhayaṁ draviṇa-deha-suhṛn-nimittaṁ

tāvad bhayaṁ draviṇa-deha-suhṛn-nimittaṁ
śokaḥ spṛhā paribhavo vipulaś ca lobhaḥ |
tāvan mamety asad-avagraha ārti-mūlaṁ
yāvan na te’ṅghrim abhayaṁ pravṛṇīta lokaḥ ||
(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam: 3.9.6)

“So fear, grief, longing, humiliation, and immense greed on account of wealth, the body, and companions, and so the false [alt., wicked] temperament of ‘mine’—the root of distress—remain as long as a person does not embrace your fearless feet.”

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ahaṅkārasya dve vṛttī ahantā mamatā ca iti

ahaṅkārasya dve vṛttī ahantā mamatā ca iti | tayor jñānena layo mokṣaḥ, deha-gehādi-viṣayatve bandhaḥ, ahaṁ prabhor janaḥ sevako’smi sevyo me prabhur bhagavān saparikara eva rūpa-guṇa-mādhurī-mahodadhir iti pārṣada-rūpa-vigraha-bhagavad-vigrahādi-viṣayatve premā | sa hi bandha-mokṣābhyāṁ vilakṣaṇa eva puruṣārtha-cūḍāmaṇir ity ucyate |
tatra kramaḥ | ahantā-mamatayor vyavahārikyām eva vṛttāv atisāndrāyāṁ satyāṁ saṁsāra eva | ahaṁ vaiṣṇavo bhūyāsaṁ prabhur me bhagavān sevyo bhavatv iti yādṛcchikyāṁ śraddhā-kaṇikāyāṁ satyāṁ tad-vṛtteḥ pāramārthikatva-gandhe bhaktāv adhikāraḥ | tataḥ sādhu-saṅge sati pāramārthikatva-gandhasya sāndratvaṁ | tato bhajana-kriyāyām aniṣṭhitāyāṁ satyāṁ tayoḥ paramārthe vastuny ekadeśa-vyāpinī vṛttiḥ vyavahāre pūrṇaiva | tasyāṁ niṣṭhitāyāṁ paramārthe bahula-deśa-vyāpinī vyavahāre prāyiky eva | rucāv utpannāyāṁ paramārthe prāyiky eva vṛttir vyavahāre tu bahu-deśa-vyāpinī | āsaktau jātāyāṁ paramārthe pūrṇā vyavahāre tu gandha-mātrī | bhāve tu paramārtha evātyantikī vṛttir vyavahāre tu bādhitānuvṛtti-nyāyenābhāsa-mayī | premaṇi tayor ahantā-mamatayor vṛttiḥ paramārthe paramātyantikī vyavahāre tu naikāpīti |

(Mādhurya-kādambinī: 8)

“The ahaṅkāra has two vṛttis (functions): ahantā [i.e., I-ness, or identification) and mamatā [i.e., my-ness, or, possessiveness]. Dissolution of these two through jñāna is [called] mokṣa. Their being fixed upon objects of the senses, such as the body and home, is [called] bondage. ‘I am Prabhu’s person [i.e., I belong to Prabhu]. I am a servant, and Prabhu is my object of service. Bhagavān [i.e., Prabhu] along with his companions is verily a vast ocean of sweetness in form and qualities”—their [i.e., these two functions of the ahaṅkāra] being fixed upon the figure of a body of an associate [of Bhagavān] and upon the figure and so forth of Bhagavān [i.e., the vṛtti of ahantā functioning so as to produce identification with the body of an associate of Bhagavān, and the vṛtti of mamatā functioning so as to produce an affectionate sense of my-ness in relation to the figure, qualities, activities, and so forth of Bhagavān] is [called] prema. That [i.e., prema] is distinct from bondage and mokṣa, and is said to be the crown-jewel of puruṣārthas.
“The course [of development] in this regard [is as follows]: when the vṛttis of ahantā and mamatā are present very densely only in worldly affairs, there is only [the condition known as] saṁsāra. When a fortuitous (yādṛcchikī) particle of śrāddhā comes about, [such that one has the resolve,] ‘I shall become a Vaiṣṇava, and my master, Bhagavān, shall be my object of service,’ then those vṛttis have a trace of relation to Ultimate Reality (Paramārtha) and one has eligibility (adhikāra) for bhakti. Then, when association with sādhus occurs, density of that trace of relation to Ultimate Reality develops. Then, when unfixed (aniṣṭhitā) engagement in bhajana occurs, their [i.e., ahantā and mamatā’s] vṛttis are partially in the object, Ultimate Reality, and fully in worldliness. When that [i.e., engagement in bhajana] is fixed (niṣṭhitā), then they are extensively in Ultimate Reality and only mostly in worldliness. When ruci arises, then the vṛttis are mostly in Ultimate Reality, but [still] extensively in worldliness. When āsakti appears, then they are fully in Ultimate Reality, but [still] bearing just a trace in worldliness. In bhāva, however, the vṛttis are absolutely in Ultimate Reality, but possessed of a semblance in worldliness like the continuance of a negated entity. In prema, these vṛttis of ahantā and mamatā are absolutely to the fullest extent in Ultimate Reality and not in worldliness at all.”

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