vaktur icchā tu tātparyaṁ parikīrtitam
vaktur icchā tu tātparyaṁ parikīrtitam |
(Nyāya-siddhānta-muktāvalī: 84)
“The wish of the speaker is said to be the ‘intent’ (tātparyam).”
Viśvanātha Nyāya-pañcānana
sukhaṁ tu jagatām eva kāmyaṁ dharmeṇa jāyate
sukhaṁ tu jagatām eva kāmyaṁ dharmeṇa jāyate |
adharma-janyaṁ duḥkhaṁ syāt pratikūlaṁ sacetasām ||
nirduḥkhatve sukhe cecchā taj-jñānād eva jāyate |
icchā tu tad-upāye syād iṣṭopāyatva-dhīr yadi ||
(Bhāṣa-pariccheda: 145–146)
“Pleasure (sukha), that which is the entire world’s object of desire, arises by means of merit (dharma). Pain (duḥkha), which is produced by demerit (adharma), shall be [defined as] that which is unpleasant (pratikūla) for all conscious beings. Desire for painlessness and pleasure arises specifically from knowledge of these, whereas desire shall come about for a means to these [i.e., to painlessness and pleasure] if there is awareness of [something’s] instrumentality to that which is desired [viz., painlessness and pleasure].”